Journal of Management and Digital Transformation

The article addresses the topic of emotion management by leaders in crisis situations. Based on a review of the literature and empirical research conducted among employees of various organizations, an analysis was made of key emotional competencies of managers that are relevant for effective management of their own emotions and those of team members in difficult situations. Six research questions were posed regarding employees' assessment of leaders' emotion management skills. The study results indicate that the most highly rated leader competencies are empathy and emotional self-control, which foster trust and a sense of security within the team. Open communication was also found to play a crucial role, perceived as a fundamental tool for strengthening the collaborative atmosphere during crises. An empathetic approach by the leader increases employee engagement, while transparent communication improves team morale. It was found that employees with longer tenure and those working in corporations have a better perception of leaders’ emotion management skills. At the same time, insufficient use of formal training to enhance leaders’ emotional competencies was noted, indicating an area requiring further development in organizational practice. The article highlights the importance of developing emotional intelligence in leaders as a foundation for effective leadership in conditions of uncertainty and dynamic change.

The purpose of this article is to present the concept of Motivation 4.0 as a response to the challenges of work psychology in a dynamic and unpredictable VUCA environment. The theoretical section discusses the evolution of approaches to motivation – from Motivation 1.0 to 3.0 – and shows why traditional reward and punishment systems are no longer effective. The analytical part presents the key elements of Motivation 4.0, such as a sense of meaning, engagement, autonomy, well-being and a culture of appreciation. The article emphasizes the need to adapt motivational strategies to modern realities, placing the human being and his or her intrinsic needs at the center as the foundation of an effective motivational system.

This article investigates the relationships between e-commerce, digital markets, and economic growth in the European Union, focusing on a comparative analysis of Germany (Western Europe) and the Czech Republic (Eastern Europe) from 2015 to 2024. Utilizing Eurostat data and a comparative case study analysis, the study finds that the Czech Republic, repre-senting an emergent Eastern European digital economy model, achieved a higher average GDP growth rate (2.2%) compared to Germany (0.78%), despite lower absolute digital maturity. The results suggest that institutional flexibility, stable e-commerce adoption, and an export-oriented focus can be key drivers of growth in the digital age, challenging traditional narratives of an East-West ”digital divide”. The article contributes to the digital economy literature by highlighting the divergent pathways of digital transformation within Europe.

This publication discusses selected challenges and risks associated with employers’ use of artificial intelligence systems in the workplace. Employers’ obligations regarding personal data protection and the principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination will be discussed. Employers using artificial intelligence systems in their work should implement procedures to ensure compliance with these obligations.

The article discusses the impact of the Polski Ład (Polish Deal) regulations on the burden of personal income tax and health insurance contributions borne by a micro-entrepreneur. The amounts of these levies for the years 2021–2024 were determined in nominal terms, and their share in income (revenues) was calculated on the basis of data obtained from a sole proprietorship. The analysis covered a micro-entrepreneur who, during the examined period, was subject to a wide range of tax and contribu-tion-related changes which, combined with economic uncertainty, posed a considerable challenge in terms of selecting the optimal form of taxation. The burden resulting from the applied form of taxation, under the regulations in force in a given year, was compared with the outcomes of a simulation based on the assumption that the pre-1 January 2022 rules had remained in place for the years 2022–2024. The results of the comparative analysis indicate that the tax and contribution reforms led to a reduction in the total burden under general taxation rules based on the progressive tax scale. The determinants of these outcomes include both the legislative framework shaped by the state and the individualized characteristics of business activity, as well as the factors influencing the taxpayer’s fiscal situation.

This article deals with the extremely interesting topic of the CPU process scheduler, which is the most important of the scheduling procedures in a multiprogramming operating system, responsible for selecting processes from the ready queue. The CPU scheduler is activated when a process slows down the processor due to waiting for input/output operations or as a result of interrupts. In each case, the CPU scheduler must make very quick allocation decisions to maintain the correct balance between the time the processor is engaged by the system and by user processes. The authors decided to devote more attention to the issue of the CPU scheduler in Linux systems.

The CPU scheduler is one of the fundamental parts of the Linux kernel and, as such, is very rarely subject to change, which imposes certain limitations on ‘Penguin’ systems. The solution was to use external CPU schedulers that are not part of the so-called upstream (mainstream kernel development). However, the use of external CPU schedulers brings with it certain complications, which the authors of this article will discuss. The main goal of the authors, however, will be to present a project that has completely changed the course of history in the field of CPU process management and made it easier than ever. This project is called sched-ext (full name: BPF extensible scheduler class) and it will be the main topic of this publication.

The primary objective of this article is to analyze the behavior of extreme tail values in the prices of futures contracts traded on the Chicago Mercan-tile Exchange (CME). The study focuses on three major agricultural com-modities: corn, soybeans, and wheat. The time frame of the analysis spans the years 1987 to 2022, allowing for the consideration of long-term market trends and structural changes. The article also addresses the identification of the appropriate type of generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and the evaluation of model fit accuracy to empirical data. To achieve this, the study presents descriptive statistics and normality test results for the returns of the selected commodities, accompanied by graphical representations. The tail distribution parameters of the random variables representing the futures prices were estimated using the maximum likelihood method within the block maxima framework. The goodness of fit for the GEV distribution to the empirical tails was assessed with the use of quantile-quantile plots, enabling a visual verification of the model’s adequacy.

The aim of the study is to analyze contemporary challenges and prospects of transport and logistics between China and Poland, with particular emphasis on oversize transport and Poland's role as a key link on the New Silk Road. The article focuses on Poland, which, thanks to its geographical location, is gaining importance as a key logistics hub within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Situated between the East and the West, it acts as an important bridge connecting Asia with Europe, which is conducive to the development of transport and logistics. Poland is a central point for many transport corridors, and its role in international trade, especially with China, is growing significantly. The article discusses the development of transport infrastructure, including rail and sea connections, and plans for the development of logistics centers in Poland. Challenges related to customs procedures and international cooperation aimed at simplifying formalities and improving logistics efficiency are also discussed. The future of Poland as a key node in the global supply chain depends on further investments in infrastructure, the development of intermodal transport, and the improvement of customs and administrative processes.

The aim of this article is to analyze contemporary design solutions that enhance the accessibility of video games for players with disabilities, with particular emphasis on mechanics supporting individuals with motor and visual impairments. The authors focus on practices aligned with the principles of inclusive design, using a qualitative expert-based approach to examine selected examples of implemented accessibility features. The article discusses key aspects such as control flexibility, action automation, customization of visual and auditory interfaces, and compliance with WCAG 2.2 and Xbox Accessibility Guidelines. It also presents case studies of commercial games that illustrate good practices in accessible game development. The article highlights the role of accessibility in improving user experience and argues that inclusive design can provide substantial value from both a social and market-oriented perspective.

This literature review examines whether artificial intelligence (AI) augments or replaces human judgment in performance management at the levels of individuals, teams, processes, and organizations, using the theoretical lenses of socio-technical systems, technology acceptance and trust, and bounded rationality. The aim of this literature review is to examine whether AI augments or replaces human judgment in performance management by applying these perspectives.

This article aims to examine and compare how the concept of work-life balance (WLB) is perceived and implemented by representatives of Generations X, Y, and Z in Poland and Norway. The article focuses on cultural differences and the impact of cultural and economic determinants on WLB. The theoretical section describes the approach, models, and factors shaping WLB. The theoretical considerations are supported by the authors' own research on work-life balance in Poland and Norway. An online survey was used in the study, and the results of this survey allowed for the presentation of conclusions regarding the perception of WLB in both countries. 

The purpose of this article is to analyze the effectiveness of the double bottom technical pattern in the foreign exchange market, using the USD/PLN exchange rate in the years 2019-2024 as an example. The study uses daily opening data and a heuristic algorithm implemented in Python, which enables the automatic detection of the pattern. The double bottom formation is defined as two local minima separated by 5-30 trading days and differing by no more than 1% in value. To identify local extremes, a rolling time window of 5 days was applied. The effectiveness of the pattern was assessed based on average returns over a short period following the occurrence of the second minimum. The study results allow for the evaluation of the practical usefulness of this classic pattern and the double bottom formation, as well as the potential of simple heuristic algorithms in automating foreign exchange market analysis.